Nanotechnology in Aquaculture: Food Safety, Human Health Risks, and Regulatory Challenges

The integration of nanotechnology into aquaculture presents transformative opportunities to enhance feed efficiency, disease control, and sustainability. However, the potential for engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) to accumulate in edible tissues raises significant food safety and human health concerns. Recent analyses using single-particle ICPMS have detected ENPs in seafood at trace but measurable concentrations. For example, titanium dioxide ENPs were identified in tuna and clam samples at levels ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mg/kg, corresponding to estimated dietary exposures of 0.9–3.2 µg/kg body weight/day. Similarly, experimental exposure studies show that silver ENPs can accumulate in edible fish muscle at concentrations ranging from 10 to 80 µg/kg, depending on particle size and exposure duration. These findings underscore the need for strengthened analytical monitoring and risk assessment frameworks to evaluate potential human health implications. This review focuses on nano-enabled applications that directly affect seafood safety, including nano-feed additives, antimicrobial agents, and nanocarriers for therapeutics. Evidence from bioaccumulation studies, toxicokinetics, and in vitro assays is examined to assess potential human exposure and risks via seafood consumption. Regulatory frameworks from the EFSA, FDA, and Codex Alimentarius are compared to highlight gaps in oversight. Risk mitigation strategies, including Safe-by-Design nanomaterials and improved analytical detection, are also discussed. The review concludes with research priorities aimed at ensuring the safe and sustainable adoption of nanotechnology in the seafood sector.